CASCADING STYLE SHEETS

INTRODUCTION:

Cascading Style Sheet is the expansion of CSS. It is a style-sheet language which is used to describe how the webpage is to be presented. Commonly CSS is used to give styles to the webpages written in HTML and XHTML. But it can also be applied to XML including SVG and XUL. The external styles are stored in the CSS files and can save lots of work and time because the developers can control the style and layout of the webpage all at once. CSS is mainly designed to enable the separation of the webpage content from the webpage presentation including colors, fonts and layouts. The CSS sheet can be shared with multiple webpages. It provides more flexibility and reduces more complexity.

For the CSS to work properly, the mark-up in the webpage must be free of errors. The style sheet can be applied to a webpage internally or externally. The style sheet consists of a list of rules. All the webpage presentations are included in the HTML mark-up but the styles such as background styles, font colors, data alignments, borders and size which are often repeated can be solved by giving the style coding in the style sheet at one time. This saves the time as well as makes the HTML document a simple one. Retyping the same tag again and again in the same webpage leads to a big HTML file. The CSS style sheet act as a partner to the HTML code and takes care of the layout fonts, colors, the overall appearance of the site.

Usage of Ajax:

Huge web corporations like Yahoo, Google and MSN are making huge investments into develping new websites and converting their existing services to Ajax. The latest version of Google Groups, Google Live Search, Google Maps, Gmal, Flickr, , Live Mail, Yahoo mail all are Ajaxified and use Ajax extensively.

Advantages of Ajax:

Rich User Interface

Ajax allows us to create highly interactive user interface. A user like page refresh continuously like typical web pages but they act more like desktop applications thus increasing the usability and interactivity.

Higher Performance

With reduction of page refresh comes reduction of loading times and faster response to actions. There is no requirement of post back to HTML thus creating a refresh and reload of the whole page

Ajax for Web Applications:

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) which is the most spoken about technology on the web today is actually not a technology in itself but a term which describes a new approach which looks into using a number of existing technologies like XHTML, CSS, Java Script, DOM, XML and the XMLHttpRequest object to develop quick website user interfaces which not only avoids reload of entire browser page but also offer lots of other responsive features.

The core component of Ajax is XMLHttpRequest that enables execution of server side code without any page refresh. Ajax can send asynchronous requests to the server using JavaScript and XMLHttpRequest object and mapping functions that will be executed when response is received.

The beauty of Ajax is that, you can execute server side code with out any page refresh. Ajax is a world of “No Page Refresh” and rich user interface like windows applications. In traditional web applications, the user actions in the user interface invoke an HTTP request to the web server. Then the server will do lot of process on the server and then returns an HTML page to the client. In Ajax applications, the request is not for GUI or HTML, It is only for data. After fetching the data, you can create the user interface from the client using JavaScript and DOM. Ajax is a client-side technology and can interact with any server side technologies such as PHP, ColdFusion, ASP.net, JSP, and others.

GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions

AVG() Return the average value of the argument
BIT_AND() Return bitwise and
BIT_OR() Return bitwise or
BIT_XOR()(v4.1.1) Return bitwise xor
COUNT(DISTINCT) Return the count of a number of different values
COUNT() Return a count of the number of rows returned
GROUP_CONCAT()(v4.1) Return a concatenated string
MAX() Return the maximum value
MIN() Return the minimum value
STD() Return the population standard deviation
STDDEV_POP()(v5.0.3) Return the population standard deviation
STDDEV_SAMP()(v5.0.3) Return the sample standard deviation
STDDEV() Return the population standard deviation
SUM() Return the sum
VAR_POP()(v5.0.3) Return the population standard variance
VAR_SAMP()(v5.0.3) Return the sample variance
VARIANCE()(v4.1) Return the population standard variance

How many ways can we get the value of current session id?

session_id() returns the session id for the current session.

What’s the difference between include and require?

It’s how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will continue.

How do Photoshop helps in Web Designing

Photoshop helps in creating new templates for the Website. Designing will be easy when there is a ready made template. Photoshop also helps in making

• Header image
• Buttons
• Logo
• Pictures
• Layout
• Banners

What area do Human Resource Management function

Human Resource Management functions in the following areas:
• Selection
• Training and Development
• Evaluation and Management
• Endorsement
• Redundancy
• Industry and Employee Relations
• Records of all private data.
• Compensation, allowance, bonus in connection with Payroll
• Advice for internal 'customers' in relation with problems at work
• Career development

What is Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management is a role within an organization which points on the employment, which helps the workers in the organization. Human Resource Management mainly focuses on the topic related to the people such as recompense, hiring, performance management, business expansion, safety, profits, inspiration of the employee, communication or the contacts, management and the training.

Tools used for Web Designing

HTML
DHTML
XML
Java
Java Applet
JavaScript
Flash / Shockwave
Photoshop (for images)
CSS ( for style sheets)

Some of the Popular websites in India

Yahoo
Google India
Orkut
Youtube
Rediff
Blogger
Rapidshare
Wikipedia
Facebook
Naukri
Indiatimes
Sify

What is a professional website

Anyone those who get a software for designing can make a website but what makes a professional website?
Designing an ecommerce site with a good content
Get to know your visitors
People must get what they search for
Logo must be looking nice
Easy Navigation
Images must be professional looking
Color matching
Browser compatibility
Download speed
Search engine friendliness

What are the advantages of a website

A website is friendly in doing a business. It will help in many ways such as:
Reduce the number of flyers you have to produce for the company
Saves staff time
Customers saves the time for shopping rather than a crowded shopping outside
The information about the purchase and buying pattern of the customers provides further marketing opportunities
The orders, payments and customer details will be automatically collected
The online database of the products are quick, easy and not expensive to modify
The website hosted on a trustworthy commercial web server is online and accessible for 24 hours a day
Saves money
It is professional

How can we add Paragraph breaks?

Unless and until the breaks given for the paragraphs, all the sentence will be formatted to one paragraph. < p > is the tag for formatting a sentence to paragraph. It has a corresponding closing tag < /p >. this will format the text to a paragraph.

What are Character Entities?

Some character has a special meaning in HTML. For example the less than sign ( < ) is used for opening a tag, so it is not possible to add the less than sign in the Webpage as it is. It must be entered in a different way. Either it can be given by using the Entity name or the Entity number. For example, the less than sign is added to the webpage by adding < ( or ) <

What is preformatted text?

The preformatted text is given in < pre > tag and has the corresponding closing tag < /pre >
The text or the images drawn with the characters within the < pre > and < /pre >tags will be shown as it is in the browser. The text is formatted by the 58 tag. If you want the text to appear as it is with the space given between, the < pre > tag can be used.< /pre >

What is preformatted text?

The preformatted text is given in

 tag and has the corresponding closing tag 

The text or the images drawn with the characters within the

 and 

tags will be shown as it is in the browser. The text is formatted by the

 tag. If you want the text to appear as it is with the space given between, the 
 tag can be used.

What are the contents present in the < head > in HTML?

Meta tags containing the keywords that are used by the search engine
Scripts such as JavaScript or VBScripts which controls any scripts contain in the documents.
Style definitions such as CSS to apply the attributes to the whole page.